Bankruptcy Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bankruptcy Law - Essay Example Each case can file any of these types of bankruptcy, however, a specific chapter may be better suited for each individual case. Chapter 11 is mainly bankruptcy for business and its purpose is to reorganize the debt of the business. Reorganization divides the credit accounts into different classes and assets are then liquefied and distributed. The debtor can devise a plan of reorganization for the approval of the court within a 120-day deadline or the debtor can request a court appointed trustee to plan the reorganization. This chapter of bankruptcy allows the business to continue to operate during the bankruptcy under the supervision of Bankruptcy Court. Chapter 11 allows for liquidation of the business assets that are not immediately needed for the operation of the business and a plan for payment of the assets needed for the operation of the business. This will allow the sole proprietor in this case to stay in business and she can change her business to a more suitable and profitable business under the supervision of the court while at the same time eliminating the majority of her debt. In this case, the debtor should file chapter 7 bankruptcy. The debtor is assigned a trustee who liquidates assets and then divides the proceeds fairly among the creditors.

Leadership - Does Gender Matter Essay Example for Free

Leadership Does Gender Matter Essay Does gender affect the ability of an individual to become an effective leader? Some researchers believe that effective leaders are just born while others believe that effective leadership can be learned. But few of these researchers discuss the difference that gender may make in becoming good leaders. When we take a look back through history, we can see that the evaluation of women leaders was slow. Today, only 2. 4 percent (Gettings, Johnson, Brunner, Frantz, 2009) of the Fortune 500 Companys are lead by women which is an increase from the 1. percent (www. money. cnn. com) of female Chief Executive Officers in 2002. The gender differences in the corporate world posses several issues for the Human Resource Managers such as management style differences, pay equity, promotion fairness, and work-life balance. Women began entering the workforce in the late 1800s. During that time, women were employed in what society considered female specific careers such as teachers, nurses, and seamstresses and women made up a very small portion of the workforce. This all changed with the on-set of World War II. While the men left to fulfill their military obligations, women stepped up to the plate and filled positions in industrial factories across the nation doing jobs typically performed by men. Following World War II, many females continued to work and over the decades have set career aspirations which have led them to the top. As time went on, it became obvious that the gender differences in the work place required Human Resource Management intervention. Historically, the workplace was predominantly masculine when it came to organizational theory. Organizations were structured on centralized authority, specialization and expertise, and division of labor. Aggressive and dominating leadership styles became less popular among organizations. The era of masculine leadership styles then gave way to the newly desired feminine way (Lowen, 2007) of leading. In the late 1900s, organizations became more feminine in nature utilizing concepts such as delegation of authority, collaboration, and empowerment. In addition, interpersonal relations became a focus for organizations and such things as trust, openness and concern for the whole person kicked off the feminization of leadership (Frankel, 2007) and in 1963 the Equal Pay Act was created which mandated equal pay, regardless of gender, for workers performing the same job. This became extremely important as women began to hold top level positions within organizations. Women possess many gender specific qualities and characteristics which enhance their leader effectiveness in todays feminized leadership. According to a study conducted by Caliper, a Princeton based management consulting group, women leaders are more empathic, flexible and possess stronger interpersonal skills. The strong interpersonal skills of women enable them to be objective in taking in information from all sides and then take this information and weighing the concerns and objectives of their people. Empathy and genuine concern make subordinates feel valued, supporte d, and understood. In addition, this same study noted that women were able to be more persuasive and assertive in taking risks as compared to their male counter parts. This often leads to women coming up with more innovative solutions to problems, and ultimately, getting things accomplished. Many studies conducted across the country within various businesses have concluded that women executives are rated higher than men in the areas of producing high quality work, setting and achieving goals, and mentoring subordinates (Sharpe, 2000). These studies also found that women were not as concerned with self-interest as men and did not accomplish tasks or achieve goals based on what was in it for them, but instead for the mere enjoyment of their success. It is this type of attitude which inspires companies to employee women in their executive positions. In addition, one of the areas in these studies showed that women excelled at teamwork and motivating teams in getting results. But these studies also included areas where men were stronger such as strategic and technical ability. Men also seemed to be better at giving punishment and were found to issue double the amount of punishments as compared to women. With so many differences in management styles between men and women, it was necessary for Human Resource Managers to design diversity programs which included education on gender differences, as well as, racism, discrimination, etc. Women are slowly making their way into the corporate ranks of Fortune 500 Companies. According to CNN Money, there are currently 13 female Chief Executive Officers in the Fortune 500 and 26 female Chief Executive Officers in the Fortune 1,000. Believe it or not, the number of female Chief Executive Officers has doubled compared to 5 years ago when there were only 6 female Chief Executive Officers in the Fortune 500. But, if women make equally effective leaders as compared to men, then why are there so few employed in top management positions? In Tischler’s article â€Å"Where are the Women? ,† she talks about how women â€Å"scale† back their work in exchange for a balanced personal life (Tischler, 2007). She also discusses the competiveness of men compared to women and how that might contribute to the larger number of men holding top executive level positions. Most often, women simply dont want to deal with the work-life balance. Top executives put in grueling long days and their lives are controlled by the companys success or failure. Women have a natural instinct to nurture and often put their family life before their career. When I read Morris’ article, â€Å"Trophy Husbands,† it made me stop and think how husbands could assist in helping their spouse to balance the work-life balance. In Morris’ article, she discusses how husbands have given up their careers to assist their female spouses in reaching the top (Morris, 2002). I think that this is a huge step in elevating women to the top ranks of the corporate world. These husbands stepped down for many reasons, but some stepped down because they knew their wives had the potential and determination to fill these top positions. They were supportive and wanted to assist by elevating any family related stress by ensuring that things on the home front were taken care of. In fact, although the number of female Chief Executive Officers appears to be low, the truth is women are successful leaders. There are over 9 million women-owned businesses in the United States and women hold over 45 percent of the managerial positions within large corporations. Indeed, women can and are successful at leading. Yet there is still a large difference in the pay scale of female and male executives. Is it simply a blatant decisions that these companies make, or is it a simply mistake because these organizations do not have an established pay scale system? Human Resource Managers need to be cognizant of pay differences and promotion bias. According to Stites article, one way to avoid this dilemma is to establish systematic pay systems, ensure equal access to promotions, and document discrepancies with legitimate business reasons (Stites, May 2005). So, does gender matter when considering leadership effectiveness? According to the text, men and women are equally effective at leading, but each gender utilizes different styles in their leadership abilities (Northouse, 2007). It is my position that gender is neutral. Males and females can both possess the skills necessary to be effective leaders and I believe that women can lead companies to success just as well as men. To be an effective leader, one must know how and when to apply the many different styles and characteristics to each unique situation. Both men and women have unique qualities about them, but the ability to learn from the opposite gender will enhance ones leadership abilities. I believe that men and women can combine and adapt their unique styles of leadership to maximize their strengths and minimize their weaknesses within the workplace. Regardless of gender, developing a leadership style is a difficult and challenging feat for all managers. In researching the many definitions of leadership, I have determined that leaders are defined as those who inspire workers and develop their skills and creativity to achieve goals. Of the many definitions I read, not one referred to male or female gender when defining a leader. Male or female gender shouldnt matter when it comes to determining an individuals ability to lead. The Human Resource Manager must ensure that they are concerned and aware of the gender differences and difficulties which must be dealt with in the business world. Indeed, gender does matter, especially since women have become a large percentage of the work force and are now moving up the corporate ladder into top level positions. Gender differences create many issues that Human Resource Managers must be able to prevent, mitigate, and/or resolve. Today’s Human Resource Management education programs have increased the ability of individuals to fill these vital management positions. In order for Human Resource Managers to accomplish this task, they must be aware of gender specific management styles, pay equity, promotion fairness, and work-life balance.

Making Sense of a Change Management

Making Sense of a Change Management Change management is a systematic approach to dealing with change, both from the perspective of an organization and on the individual level. A somewhat ambiguous term, change management has at least three different aspects, including: adapting to change, controlling change, and effecting change. A proactive approach to dealing with change is at the core of all three aspects. For an organization, change management means defining and implementing procedures and/or technologies to deal with changes in the business environment and to profit from changing opportunities. Successful adaptation to change is as crucial within an organization as it is in the natural world. Just like plants and animals, organizations and the individuals in them inevitably encounter changing conditions that they are powerless to control. The more effectively you deal with change, the more likely you are to thrive. Adaptation might involve establishing a structured methodology for responding to changes in the business environment (such as a fluctuation in the economy, or a threat from a competitor) or establishing coping mechanisms for responding to changes in the workplace (such as new policies, or technologies). This book review is an attempt to understand the theoretical background for the changes that occur on individual as well as on organizational basis. The book Making Sense of Change Management: A complete Guide to the Models, Tools Techniques of Organizational Change written by Esther Cameron and Mike Green, highlights and explain different theories presented by the renowned businessmen, economists and educationists regarding different changing phenomenon appearing on the horizon of business world. Cameron and Greens objective for writing this book is to help their reader understand why change happens, how change happens, and what needs to be done to make change a more welcoming concept by carefully reviewing a wealth of resources that provide models, tools, and techniques of organizational change. Their purpose is not to explain how to plan and then implement a change initiative program. Rather the material presented in this book assist the readers to comprehend the change, its natu re, how it can be assessed and related to a particular situation and what type of outcomes can be carved out of the responses received on individual and organizational basis. Introduction of the Book The book Making Sense of Change Management: A complete Guide to the Models, Tools Techniques of Organizational Change is written by Esther Cameron and Mike Green. This book is about making sense of change management. The world we live in is continuously undergoing rapid changes at an intense rate. Each day dawns with a new invention, with an important discovery emerging from almost every field of life. The rate of change and discovery outpaces our potentials to keep up with them. The organization we work in or rely on to meet our needs and demands are also changing dramatically in terms of their strategies, their structures, their systems cultures, their boundaries and of course their expectations and responses to their stakeholders. This book and its writers Cameron and Green seems to hold the objective of helping their readers understand why change happens, how change happens, and what needs to be done to make change a more welcoming concept by carefully reviewing a wealth of resources that provide models, tools, and techniques of organizational change. Their purpose is not to explain how to plan and then implement a change initiative program instead of this their focus is on developing an understanding among their readers. The material in this volume is carefully organized within two parts. Part one, of this book is named as The Underpinning Theory and is comprised of first four chapters. Individual change is at the heart of everything that is achieved in organizations. Once individuals have the motivation to do something different, the whole world can begin to change[Individuals] are to some extent governed by the norms of the groups they belong to, and groups are bound together in a whole system of groups of people that interconnect in various habitual ways. So the story is not always that simple. Individuals, teams, and organizations all play a part in the process of change, and leaders have a particularly onerous responsibility: that is, making all this happen. Part Two The Applications is comprised of last four chapters (Chapters 5-8): In this Part, having looked at change and change management from three different perspectives (i.e. individual, team, and organization) and the roles, styles, and skills needed to become a successful leader of change, Cameron and Green apply this learning to specific types of change. They claim: We have identified four generic change scenarios, and we look at the particular management challenges involved in initiating and implementing each type of change. These change scenarios are structural, mergers and acquisitions, cultural, and IT-based process. Summary of the Book The very first chapter of the book draws together the key theories of how individuals go through change, using various models to explore the phenomenon. This chapter aims at providing managers and policy makers an insight and understanding of the change process and how it affects individuals and what strategies can be used to help the people to go through transition or transformation process without bearing a stress. Many of the change scenarios that you find yourself in require you to learn something new, or to adjust to a new way of operating, or to unlearn something. Buchanan and Huczynski (1985) define learning as the process of acquiring Knowledge through experience which leads to a change in behavior. Learning is not just an acquisition of knowledge, but the application of it through doing something different in the world. But learning to do something new usually involves a temporary dip (downfall) in the performance. When learning something new we tend to be more focus on that and become conscious of that change in our learning resulting in a change of our behavior. But once we have learnt that skill or has become habitual of that change our attention to that factor decreases and we are less conscious of it in other words we are unconsciously competent on that skill. There are four key schools of thought when considering individual change: The behaviorist approach is about changing the behaviors of others through reward and punishment. This leads to behavioral analysis and use of reward strategies. The cognitive approach states that the desired results can be achieved through positive reframing or the reinforcement of some desired attitudes. The writers believe that by setting goals and providing guidance and coaching to the employees or the people who are being affected by the change can ease the process of implementation of change. This approach link goal to motivation. The psychodynamic approach is about understanding and relating to the inner world of change. This is especially significant when people are going through highly affecting change. This approach treats people as individuals and understand their emotional states. The humanistic psychology approach in the personal development and growth of the employees by providing them a healthy atmosphere and fair chances to improve their skills to adapt to changing environment. The individuals history, the organizations history, the type of change and the consequence of the change are also key factors in an individuals response to change. Schein identified two competing anxieties in individual change: survival anxiety versus learning anxiety. Survival anxiety has to be greater than learning anxiety if a change is to happen. He advocated the need for managers to reduce peoples learning anxiety rather than their survival anxiety. The individuals in an organization work together sometimes in the form of groups or sometimes in the form of a team. Teams and groups have been differentiated in this book on the basis of their different characteristics and reasons for existence. Teams are considered more important for the organizations for accomplishing large or complex tasks. There are many types of organizational team, each with their significant benefits and downsides. Teams can be more effective by addressing five elements: Team mission, planning and goal setting; Team roles and responsibilities; Team operating processes; Team interpersonal relationships; Inter-team relationships; Teams relationships with the management. Teams are not built overnight. It takes time to develop as a team and have goal oriented affiliation among the team members. Tuckmans forming, storming, norming and performing model is useful for understanding the process. The team development process involves different leadership challenges at each stage. This book has made use of Bions work that highlights four possible pitfalls that need to be worked through. These are as follow: dependency fight or flight pairing cosiness The composition of a team is an important factor in determining how it can be successful. According to Belbin well-rounded teams work best. The Myers Briggs profile allows mutual of team members preferences for initiating or adapting to change whereas Belbins team types offer a way of analyzing a teams fitness for purpose and encouraging team members to do something about any significant gaps. The writers insist that the leaders should be aware of the type of team that can best suit the change process and how to manage that for effective and efficient achievement of the desired goals. Organizational behavior and assumptions how things really work are really important in determining the organizational response to change. This book deeply reviews the range of models and approaches developed by the significant authors in the field of business and socio-dynamics. The writers state that it is very important for the leaders and the individuals to understand their own assumptions about managing change, in order to challenge them and examine the possibilities offered by different assumptions. Comparisons of assumptions held by the employers and employees are very useful and increased understanding of each others perspective help to reduce frustration. Gareth Morgans work on organizational metaphors provides a useful way of looking at the range of assumptions that exist about how organizations work. The four most commonly used organizational metaphors are: The machine metaphor The machine metaphor is deeply ingrained in our ideas about how organizations run. According to it the project management and planning oriented approaches can be used to tackle the change. The political metaphor The political map of organizational life is recognized as vital key factor to organizational change. The organism metaphor This model is very prevalent in the human resource world, as it underpins much of the thinking that drove the creation of the HR function in organizations. The organism metaphor views change as a process of adapting to changes in the environment. The focus is on designing interventions to decrease resistance to change, and increase the forces for change. The metaphor of flux and transformation The metaphor for flux and transformation appears to model the true complexity of how change really happens. If we use this lens to view the organizational life it does not lead to a neat formulae or concise how to approaches. To be an effective manager we need to be flexible and select appropriate models and approaches for particular situations. Some of these models suggested in this book are as follow: Kurt Lewin three step model Bullock and Battens planned change approach Philip Kotters eight steps to change Beckhard and Harris change formula Nadler and Tushman Congruence model William Bridges model for managing the transition Carnalls change management model Senge systemic model Stacey and Shaw complex responsive processes. Different metaphors of change lead to different assumptions about what good leaders do. The writers of this book believe that the most effective ideas about change combine a number of metaphors, bringing the maximum benefits and avoiding the pitfalls of blinkered thinking. A popular notion of leadership is of the hero leader who leads from the front with determination, great vision and independence of mind. Bennis distinguished leadership from management and placed visionary leadership high on the agenda. Heifetz and Laurie and Jean Lipman-Blumen all argue against the need for visionary leadership. They advocate adaptive leadership which is about taking people out of their comfort zones, letting people feel external pressure and exposing conflict. Jean Lipman-Blumen instead emphasizes the need for leaders to ensure connectivity. Different metaphors of the change process imply different leadership roles. Senge advocates dispersed leadership, identifying three key types of leaders in an organizational system. If these three roles are in place and are well connected then change will happen naturally. Mary Beth ONeil names four key roles. Thoughts and actions i.e inner and outer leadership are both important for achieving organizational change. According to Kotter the hard work in the earlier stages of change process are vital for the success whereas Rosabeth Moss Kanter suggests that the harder part comes in the middle and the perseverance is necessary for success. Covey lists a set of principles and guidelines to help leaders to develop positive thinking pattern. The writers believe that the leader of change has to be courageous and self aware. He has to choose the right action at the right time and to keep a steady eye on the ball. However the leader cannot make the change happen alone. A team needs to be in place wit well thought out roles, and committed people. In this book the writers have identified four generic change scenarios and has looked at the particular management challenges involved in initiating and implementing each type of change. These change scenarios are: Structural change Mergers and acquisitions Cultural change IT- based change. Restructuring is an ever present phenomenon in todays organizations, though it could be highly unrewarding for those who initiates and those who experience it. But the leader needs to define the new changes with a clear vision and describe the objectives and goals of new structure, roles, and responsibilities, work processes for the individuals, interpersonal relationships in and out of the organization and new organizational and departmental strategies for the successful achievement of goals of organizational change. Mergers and acquisitions are another modern trend iof combating emerging environmental and technical changes. There are usually five main reasons for undertaking a merger or acquyisition: Growth Synergy Diversification Integration Deal doing Writer have suggested five golden rules for leaders to follow for effective mergers and acquisitions , which are as follow: communicate constantly get the structure right tackle the cultural issues keep customers on board use a clear overall process Culture is not just about induction programmes, it is everywhere in organizational life. Culture is vitally important for the organization because of its impact on performance. If the culture has to be changed we need to first develop an understanding about how it evolves. Schein (1999) suggests that there are six ways in which culture evolves. Some of these can be influenced by the leader and some cannot. A general evolution in which the organization adapt to its environment. A specific evolution of teams and sub-groups within the organization to their different environments. A guided evolution resulting from cultural insights on the part of leaders. A guided evolution through encouraging teams to learn from each other A planned and managed culture change through creation of parallel systems of project oriented task forces. A partial or total cultural destruction through new leadership. The writers suggest guidelines for achieving successful cultural change which is as follow: Always link to organizational vision, mission and objectives Create a sense of urgency and continually reinforce the need to change Attend to stake holder issues Build on the old and step into the new Generate enabling mechanisms create a community of focused and flexible leaders Insist on the collective ownership of the change. For having an IT-based change the organization needs to align organizational strategy with IT strategy other wise such changes will cause some major problems for the organization. My opinion about the book The book Making Sense of Change Management: A complete Guide to the Models, Tools Techniques of Organizational Change written by Esther Cameron and Mike Green, is about making sense of change management. The world we live in is continuously undergoing rapid changes at an intense rate. Each day dawns with a new invention, with an important discovery emerging from almost every field of life. The rate of change and discovery outpaces our potentials to keep up with them. The organization we work in or rely on to meet our needs and demands are also changing dramatically in terms of their strategies, their structures, their systems cultures, their boundaries and of course their expectations and responses to their stakeholders. This book and its writers Cameron and Green seems to hold the objective of helping their readers understand why change happens, how change happens, and what needs to be done to make change a more welcoming concept by carefully reviewing a wealth of resources that provide models, tools, and techniques of organizational change. Their purpose is not to explain how to plan and then implement a change initiative program instead of this their focus is on developing an understanding among their readers. The material in this volume is carefully organized within two parts. This book is a great resource for managers thrown into the midst of change, who need to gain understanding of what happens when you try to make significant changes in a business, and how best to manage people through it. This book is really helpful for leaders and managers in organizations to make sense of change management, providing insights into different frameworks and describing ways of approaching change at an individual, team, and organizational level. This book can be a guideline for any organization that needs to understand why change happens, how it happens and what needs to be done to make a change a welcome, rather than an unwelcome, visitor. It offers considered insights into the many frameworks, models and ways of approaching change and helps the reader to apply the right approach to each unique situation. This is a book that lives up to its titleit really does provide a toolkit to make sense of change. Every theory or main concept is accompanied by Stop and Think section where questions are listed to help the reader to reflect about what they have read in that section of the book. They also provide a chance to apply their theoretical knowledge to the real world situation and in this manner; way for cognitive and constructive learning is paved. The only thing which seems to be missing from this book is the case study. If each section or chapter is supplemented with a real world case study, this toolkit will become more effective and sharpen problem solving skills of the readers at one hand and an instant application of their learned skills on the other. Overall its an impressive practical book that will help managers who are looking for ideas rather than instruction. This is theoretically underpinned book on change which recognizes a multiplicity of perspectives.

Essay --

CSD 2260 Reavis Emphysema When people hear the medical diagnosis of Emphysema, many think immediately that one had been a regular smoker of tobacco for a long period of time. There are many different causes for the illness that can be from other factors besides smoking such as inhaling pollutants that surround one’s life from vehicles and factories. Emphysema is not a medical disease that is sudden it is one that worsens over time due to the impact on the lungs. With education on this disease more individuals will use preventative measures to decrease ones risk of the disease. The definition of emphysema according to the Webster’s Dictionary is â€Å"a condition characterized by air-filled expansions of body tissues; specifically: a condition of the lung marked by abnormal enlargement of the alveoli with loss of pulmonary elasticity that is characterized especially by shortness of breath and may lead to impairment of heart action† (Emphysema.). Meaning that within the lungs there are small sacs that are called alveoli, where the exchange of gas and blood occurs is interfered by the sacs over filling causing an obstruction of the sacs leading to breakage. The damage of the sacs can cause complication breathing due to the scaring and of the sacs developing holes decreasing the input of the oxygen in the blood stream. One of the many disease that is associated with emphysema includes COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). This disease is a building block to emphysema, it has similar symptoms consisting of wheezing, and shortness of breath, cough, and chest tightening. The least common symptoms of emphysema are â€Å"loss of appetite and weight loss, depression, poor sleep quality, and decreased sexual function† (emphysema ... ...cks and symptoms of emphysema is to become educated on how to care for one’s self through medical advice and care. http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=annual+diagnosis+of+emphysema+&FORM=HDRSC2#view=detail&id=4EF6D52C1B62768BEFEC4D4AC855926060639748&selectedIndex=0 http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=Emphysema+Lungs&FORM=RESTAB#view=detail&id=7EADDF80F7268CF1D6FFB1D6A08E1AD2B22CA203&selectedIndex=81 Works Cited Emphysema. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/emphysema Emphysema symptoms. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/lung/copd/emphysema symptoms Nordqvist, C. (2004, June 01). What is emphysema? What causes emphysema?. Retrieved from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/8934.php Slowik, G. (2012, November 30). Medications to treat emphysema. Retrieved from http://ehealthmd.com/content/medications-treat-emphysema

Cyber Terrorism and Information Warfare

As the use of computer technology becomes wide, people have tended to use them both for beneficial and destructive purposes. As the use of computer technology becomes more, they continue to be used for more complex and inter-reliant threats to humanity. The use of computer technology for destructive purposes takes place in the form of cyber crime, cyber terrorism and information warfare. The focus of this paper is on cyber crime and information warfare. The two have a number of similarities as well as differences.They are both applications of computer and information technology that are in use in the society in the information era. Information has been relied upon in different sectors in different countries and around the world. This has made information a very powerful tool for the economy of many countries. Information has also become a target for criminal activities like terrorism and a target to wage war (Lewis, 2002). This paper discusses the similarities and differences between cyber terrorism and information warfare. The paper begins with the description of the two concepts. Cyber terrorismCyber terrorism is the use of computing resources to engage in terrorist activities. It can also be defined as the calculated use of computers or computing networks aimed at harming, or to further social, economical, political or ideological, or such goals. People have tended to use the secrecy afforded by cyberspace to wage terrorism activities towards communities or an entire country. This has tended to cause threat and panic to people without physical presence of the attacker. The terrorists using cyberspace target computers and information to cause harm and damage to the targeted group or nation.There have been claims by some factions of scholars that cyber terrorism does not exist and that what is referred to by the use of this term is information warfare. They feel that it is not possible to use computer technology to wage serious harm or damage in a population d ue to the availability of protective technology. However, it is a fact is that cyber terrorism is a concept that is applicable in the current world of technology (Brenner, 2006). Information warfare Information warfare on the other hand is defined as the use of computer technology to wage war.It can also be defined as the use and management of information and technology in order to gain a competitive advantage over one’s adversaries. Information can be manipulated in various ways to ensure that one country gains an edge over its opponents. Information has become a very crucial tool for use in different aspects of human life. Information has come to be used as a powerful weapon in times of clashes or conflicts. This warfare is closely associated with psychological warfare. The attacking country targets the information sector of the country that it is up against (Lewis, 2002).Similarities Both cyber terrorism and cyber warfare make use of information technology and/ or networks to carry out their objectives. Regardless of their difference in objectives, information is a critical tool for both cyber terrorism and information warfare. Information warfare can be carried out in different ways: jamming or hijacking of TV and radio transmissions; disabling logistic networks; disabling or spoofing communication networks of the enemies; and sabotaging stock exchange dealings (Lewis, 2002). These are all means of use of information in warfare.Cyber terrorism can also take various forms like attacks against networks of the target group or country; threats against a community or country that are made electronically; hacking into systems; defacing networks; and denying service to the target group. It is clear that both are destructive applications of computer and information technology. The users of both cyber terrorism and information warfare use and go after the information sector of the target group or country with the aim of causing havoc (Brenner, 2006).Both cyb er terrorism and information warfare are destructive, but have not been developed to the level of destruction like the other weapons, such as the bomb. The kind of damage caused by cyber terrorism and information warfare is not large-scale, although the technologies are still being developed. It would not be possible to carry out such a destructive act like the one that happened in the United States, commonly known as the September 11 attacks (Che, Deng, Chao & Huang, 2009).Despite the fact that there are some remote examples of cyber terrorism and information warfare in the world today, they are not as pronounced as those that use the conventional weapons like bombs. All the examples and instances that are provided on the use of information for warfare and terrorism cannot compare with the use of methods like bombing, air planes and other convectional methods. However, the possible destruction that is likely to happen due to the development in technology cannot be ignored. The two concepts, cyber terrorism and information warfare are based on computer and information technology.It is a known fact that technology is developing at a very speedy rate. As a result, the technology applied in both cyber terrorism and information is not the same way it was when the two concepts were developed. It is also a fact that they are likely to be more complicated and destructive. While most countries there are development of cyber warfare capabilities, there are individual factions and groups that are developing cyber terrorism capabilities (Che, Deng, Chao and Huang, 2009). Both cyber terrorism and information warfare are destructive processes that can cause terror and damage in a place or country where they are applied.Despite the fact that cyber terrorism is not likely to cause the kind of destruction like what took place during the September 11 attacks, they are likely to cause a security scare to the public. For example, it is possible for hackers to wage terrorism atta cks by hacking into hospital systems (Brenner, 2006). Another way that this can be carried out is by launching sequenced, coordinated attacks shutting down Automatic Teller Machine systems and other financial systems in selected towns or cities.When this is carried out in a large-scale, it can be realized that this is not a random act, but an organized terrorist attack. This can lead to panic about the security and economic damage to a country. Same case with information warfare; despite the fact that unlike cyber terrorism information warfare is not aimed at harming civilians and properties, it leads to both direct and indirect effects to countries they are aimed at and their citizens. Just like cyber terrorism, information warfare causes panic on the public as well as other economic effects on the country (Collin, 1996).For example, where transmissions are hijacked to pass on hate information or other destructive information, it is possible for people to be very scared for their s ecurity. Attacking economic sectors using information technology during war or as a weapon endangers the economic status of a country. In fact, paralyzing the information sector of a country leads to massive economic costs to that country. This means that these two applications of computer and information technology are very destructive and costly to the affected country (Lewis, 2002).Both cyber terrorism and information warfare are complex problems that need to be addressed very first in national security policies. They are becoming more sophisticated and require sophisticated means to counter. They are both attacks that can paralyze the infrastructure of a country completely. The use of information for terrorism and warfare is based on the premise that information has become a very crucial resource in development and has been relied upon by countries and organizations in their daily operations (Collin, 1996).The attackers have come to realize that the best part to hit and raise ha voc is the information technology sector. The information technology sector has become the most vulnerable point that can be hit to feel the greatest effect. Studies have found out that susceptibility of information networks and the critical infrastructure have put national security in dire risk. This can be supported by the fast growth in technology and its spreading to the economic sector of many countries. This is usually the target of cyber terrorism and information warfare.The users of these two applications of computer technology targets where a country will feel the most effect when hit. This is no better than the information sector of their target (Brenner, 2006). It is easy to spot real-world terrorism just as it is to spot real-world warfare. When dealing with real-world acts, terrorism or warfare is easier to identify, thus making it easier to counter. Where a real-life attack is carried out it is possible to know that the government is either dealing with terrorism or wa rfare. Simply put, it is easy to identify terrorism or warfare in the real-world.This is not the case with cyber terrorism or cyber warfare. Where these takes place, it is not possible to immediately identify what one is dealing with. There are no people who are physically available to carry out the acts. When a real-world terrorist attack is carried out, there will be a suicide bomber who hijacks a plane or bombs a building. In real-world warfare, there are military personnel with characteristic attire and characteristic badge. This way, it will be possible to tell that it was a terrorist attack or war against a particular group or country.This is not the case with cyber terrorism and information warfare (Lewis, 2002). The activities are carried in secrecy and most of the times unless someone claims to be involved, it might be difficult to identify the perpetrators. In case of information warfare, it might be hard to identify the country involved in the attacks. It is then possible that a country could be a target of cyber terrorism or information warfare and not even be aware of it. The two applications are complex and cannot be easily identified and dealt with (Che, Deng, Chao & Huang, 2009). DifferencesThe primary focus of information warfare is not to inflict injuries or death to civilians and property. Information warfare is not aimed at demoralizing or intimidating civilians. Cyber terrorism is aimed at the achievement of a particular objective. This is done mostly through intimidation and any other means as long as the message is communicated. Injuring people, causing death, and damaging property is one of the ways used to communicate the message. They achieve their objectives by destroying as much life and property as possible. Cyber terrorists do not mind the lives that will be lost or the damage that will be caused in the process.For instant, the terrorist attacks in Romania. This happened at an Antarctic research center where terrorists accessed th e computer resources that controlled life support systems. In the process, the lives of 58 scientists were put in danger (Kalathil & Boas, 2003). However, the perpetrators were stopped before a serious harm was caused. Terrorism generally is a destructive act that is carried out for selfish purposes, while information warfare is an act that is aimed at protecting a country from destruction by its enemies (Lewis, 2002).Information warfare is legal and mostly designed by the ministry of defense as a weapon of defense to a nation in time of war. As already mentioned, it is the use of technology to gain competitive advantage over the opponents. This means that it is not an illegal means of attack, like cyber terrorism. Most of the time, information warfare is carried out by the conventional military force. There are for example some nations that have trained or are training people who are referred to as hacker warriors. These hacker warriors are used in time of war to wage attacks again st enemy nation-states.Cyber terrorism on the other hand is dangerous and unlawful attacks towards a target group to further some selfish objectives. Cyber terrorism is carried out by people who are part of a faction that is united by an obligation to a particular political philosophy. The distinguishing factor from cyber terrorism is that war is a struggle between countries or nations states (Che, Deng, Chao & Huang, 2009). Information warfare is meant to be a collateral event. This means that the information attacks are aimed at protecting one’s country and its citizen.During war, the aim of the fighters is to protect one’s country and its people from adversaries. This means that the objective of information warfare is very different from that of cyber terrorism. In most cases, cyber terrorism is not a collateral event. It is used for selfish objectives of the attacking groups. It is also important to note that most of the times cyber terrorism is not initiated by la wful combatants. This means that the perpetrators do not operate legally as is the case during war (Brenner, 2006).Cyber terrorism is aimed at causing damage and harm to a target group for a particular objective of the attacking groups. Some of the objectives of cyber terrorism include ideological, political, religious, and in some cases economical. Unlike in cyber terrorism, war is restricted to attacks between groups (armies) who act on behalf of their countries in the war. The use of technology in this case is aimed at the army or armies of the enemy nations. In warfare, the use of information is rational and justifiable, unlike the use of terrorism attacks where the acts are irrational and cannot be justified (Lewis, 2002).Cyber terrorism is basically one-sided. This means that in most cases cyber terrorism cannot be reciprocated. In most cases, its anonymity characteristic makes it hard to find out the perpetrator(s). Cyber terrorism is aimed at a specific population to further the objectives of the attacker. On the other hand, information warfare is aimed at attacking adversaries. This means that unlike cyber terrorism, it is aimed at triumphing against one’s enemies. It is used against opponents during war and is just limited to that purpose (Che, Deng, Chao & Huang, 2009).Conclusion This aim of this paper was to make a comparison and contraction of the two concepts that apply information computer technology, cyber terrorism and information warfare. The two concepts differ in definition because while cyber terrorism is the use of computing resources to engage in terrorist activities, information warfare is defined as the use of computer technology to wage war. These concepts have a lot in common, from being based on computer technology, to the kind of effects they are likely to cause to a country and its people.They are both destructive effects of information and computer technology. They are however different from their motive, to the kinds of p eople who carry out the attacks. While cyber terrorism is an unlawful act aimed at causing intimidation in achievement of different objectives, information warfare is a lawful activity carried out by military personnel aimed at coming out victorious over opponents. These two activities have led to a security scare around the world due to the effects that they lead to. They are concepts that are supposed to be address in national security policies as a matter of urgency.Despite the fact that they have not become so open in the society today, with a few remote cases being reported, with the development in technology and over reliance on technology in different sectors, it is possible that they will increase. There is need to develop more sophisticated technologies to counter this. References: Brenner, S. (2006). C3: Cyber crime, cyber terrorism and cyber warfare. Retrieved on May 11, 2010 from http://cyb3rcrim3. blogspot. com/2006/06/c3-cybercrime-cyberterrorism and. html Che, H. , De ng, D. , Chao, H. & Huang, Y. (2009).â€Å"Next Generation of Terrorism: Ubiquitous Cyber Terrorism with the Accumulation of all Intangible Fears,† Journal of Universal Computer Science, vol. 15, no. 12. Collin, B. (1996). The future of cyber terrorism. Paper presented at the 11th Annual International Symposium on Criminal Justice Issues, University of Illinois at Chicago. Kalathil, S. & Boas, T. (2003). Open networks, closed regimes. Washington DC: Brookings. Lewis, J. (2002). Assessing the Risks of Cyber Terrorism, Cyber War and Other Cyber Threats, Washington DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies.

Corruption In Nigeria

Corruption In Nigeria Free Online Research Papers Corruption in Nigeria has been a great deal for the past couple of years. Reasons for corruption in many â€Å"Less Economically Developed Countries† has been described to be because â€Å"those who pay and receive bribes so they can expropriate the nation’s wealth, leaving little for its poorest citizen† (Agba 23). Other author such as Khan sees corruption as â€Å"behaviour which deviates from the formal rules of conducts governing the actions of someone in a position of†¦..authority because of private regarding motives such as wealth, power or status† (23). On the other hand, World Bank labels it as â€Å"the abuse of public power for private benefits† (24). No matter the way it has been characterized, I believe is an act of selfishness, greed and being heartless to the less fortunate of the society. The high growing corruption rate in Nigeria is caused by the dishonest leaders; this brings about the growth of poverty, corruption and ethnic ity (tribalism) in the country. Nigeria is suffering from corruption in virtually all the sectors controlled by the government, including the educational sector, political sector and many more. But the on non-government concerning way of corruption that is causing heaps of trouble is email scams. This sort of corruption falls under the category of poverty in the nation. â€Å"Email proposing an â€Å"urgent business relationship† help make fraud Nigeria’s largest source of foreign revenue after oil† (Smith 53). This has caused bad name for the country, â€Å"Corruption is widespread in Nigeria that all its citizens call it simply â€Å"the Nigerian factor. (57)† â€Å"†¦ the primary mode of illegitimate corruption in Nigeria is 419† (6). In another aspect, Nigeria faces a lot of fuel problems, some Nigerians actually believe that â€Å" to ordinary Nigerians, the country’s frequent fuel shortages – in spite of the fact that Nigeria is the largest oil producer in Africa – are an egregious examples of the consequences of corruption† (62). Nigeria is among the top producers of petrol in Africa; but it is discouraging that even after the huge amount of petrol the country produces; we still end up importing billions of dollars worth of petrol. Corruption has been part of the problems in Nigeria for quite a while now. Many efforts have been made by previous government to put a stop to it. Various, organisation or commissions were formed, an example of the action taken in order to limit corruption is â€Å"The purge of Corruption officials in the civil service in 1975 by the Murtala Mohammed Administration†, or â€Å"The establishment of the code of Bureau for Public Officers;† or â€Å"The numerous probe panels established by Sani Abacha† (Agba 19), but the most recent and most active one(in Nigeria) is the establishment of the EFCC(2004). Professor Ben Nwabueze, describes the EFCC as â€Å"†¦one of the most monstrous instruments of personal power employed by President Obasanjo in the service of his lawless state. The lawlessness of the commission has two aspects – the illegality (i.e. the unconstitutionality) of its powers or many of them under its constituent statue, the EFCC (Establishme nt) Act 2004, and illegality of its actions taken purportedly pursuant to, but which are not within its illegal powers;†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Okoi- Uyouyo 43). One of the many reasons that helped to emphasize the creation of the EFCC was â€Å"the act of the 2000 Corruption Perception Index (CPI), Nigeria was ranked 90th out of 90 in terms of being a corrupt nation, with The CPI score of 1.2 out of 10.00.† (47). This was heartbreaking to so many Nigerians, but this was not a shock. The EFCC was created help get rid of bribery and corruption in the government. Nuhu Ribadu (Former Chairman of the EFCC), expanded during the launching of EFCC’s â€Å"Fix Nigeria Initiative† that from the 46 years that Nigeria got her independence, a huge sum of $220 billion (about 65trillion Naira) has been stolen by the Past Nigerian Leaders (Okoi- Uyouyo 45). Knowing about this made the EFCC add more effort to see that corrupt was put to stop†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"agencies and institutions such as police, customs and the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency were recognised and their leadership changed when the EFCC beamed their search light on them†¦.† (55). Basically, during the regime of Nuhu Ribadu, no agency or the government itself (including the president) were left unchecked; practically all the sectors were involved in corruption. A lot of governors, ministers and permanent sectaries were penalised and fired from their post of power. In my knowledge of corruption in Nigeria, it has affected many aspects of the country; this is such as contributing to the Niger Delta crisis. This is in such a way that if only the government had agreed to co-operate and give the owners of the land their share of wealth, the situation won’t have been as bad as it is today. Another is in the educational sector where students bribe exam invigilators so they can get answers to their exams. Suprisely enough some parents do actually provide money to the children so they can get the answer, i.e. all of this happens with the parent’s consent. In the employment sector, many people end up unemployed because of their sex, tribe or religion. Senior officials only give space to people of the same tribe as them or their relations. Finally, Corruption is the major problem Nigeria is try very hard to destroy. The only solution to overcoming corruption in Nigeria is, for the country to get a leader that puts his/her people’s need before theirs. Nigeria’s bad name in terms of its corruption will not change unless more organizations such as EFCC are formed to help do away with the current suffering. Problems such as poverty and economic crisis will continue to pin down the country if no serious action is taken on corruption. The rate of Corruption in Nigeria is still increasing; this has affected the young ones who wish to see their selves as â€Å"somebody† in the Government in future. Most of them want to be there because of what they have heard, not because they want to help improve the Nigerian Government; these are things like easy embezzlement without getting caught. The thought has been put in their heads by our elders or leaders that it is â€Å"ok† to steal from the government. The only possible change way of change is for the country to get a trust worthy, God fearing and caring leaders. Research Papers on Corruption In NigeriaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaQuebec and CanadaThe Effects of Illegal Immigration19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraBringing Democracy to AfricaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andDefinition of Export QuotasAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This Nice

Dude, Whats the Right Decisio essays

Dude, What's the Right Decisio essays Michael Moore is praised as one of the most convincing contemporary writers when it comes to political and social issues. In his book entitled Dude, wheres my country? he covers a wide array of issues, both political and social, and criticizes the politics of President Bush a lot. Since there are a lot of different ideas presented in this work, it would be appropriate to choose one of them and write a rebuttal argument on it. The one I chose was Moores perspective on the war in Iraq. In his book, Moore states that the war in Iraq was not a right decision, and I completely agree with him on that. However, what I disagree with is his arguments as for why it was not right. Moore, while stating many political reasons why the war should never have been started, never mentions a fact that the war was not right because it was not a just war. Thus, while citing much evidence to prove that the war was not right, he forgets about the main one this war was not just at all, and I am going to prove in my essay that this is quite important and therefore Moores premises are quite arguable and can be rebutted. Throughout time different countries have had many conflicts with each other. Be it of religious, racial or cultural differences or a multitude of many other things, war has almost always become the only possible solution. When looking back at the past, it seems that war is inevitable whenever two or more competing parties do not agree with each other over a common solution. The question at hand is whether or not war is the answer. The US invasion to Iraq has triggered a lot of controversial responses all over the globe. While most of the countries and peoples condemned the United States, there were also some allies in this war. Within the conceptual framework of this research, I will first briefly talk about the US Iraq conflict, to be followed by detailed analyses of whether this war was just...

The Market Research Analysts Approach to the Decision Making Process †Business Research Paper

The Market Research Analysts Approach to the Decision Making Process – Business Research Paper Free Online Research Papers The Market Research Analysts Approach to the Decision Making Process Business Research Paper As a market research analyst, the first step in my decision making process would be to analyze the situation. The problem is that my company has just created a new type of packaging product that improves the shelf life of food products, but the product development department does not know what to do with this novel product. The product could potentially be marketed to consumers and businesses, in which case it would be a convenience product (consumer) or a packaging/supply product (business). The problem is not only what to do with this new product, but who to market to and how to market it. Before performing any research on the potential market, I would test the product as extensively as possible to make sure that it is a quality product. The most important thing when selling a product is quality, and if they product is not up to company standards, I would throw the idea out, or perform research to make the product the best it could be. If the product was up to the company’s standards of quality, I would then move on to researching the market. After testing the product’s quality, I would also identify what the potential uses for the product are. Once I have identified my problem and thoroughly tested my product, I would perform as much research as possible. First, I would research my competition’s product development to determine if anyone else in the industry has created this new form of packaging as well. If they had created the product, I would research their product development and marketing strategies. If they had not created the product, I would research for other new and innovative technologies that could be potential competitors with my new product. After performing research on my competition, I would focus on the potential consumers for this product. For this particular type of product, I would use focus group research as my primary research tool for usage of this product. I would use the product in several different ways and test the reactions of the consumers to determine which would be best to market. In order to select people to participate in the focus group, I would choose people from many diverse demographic groups to determine whether the responses to the product would be similar in people from different age groups, education levels or ethnicities. After the focus groups are completed, I would follow up with a consumer survey to get the participants reactions to the product. Using this information gained from performing the focus groups and consumer surveys, I would be able to determine the potential consumer markets for this product. I would also have to take into consideration my potential customers, including existin g customers and unrealized customers. Once the consumer research has been completed, I would focus on the business market. Is there a need/desire for a product like this to be sold to other companies? Since the demand for industrial products is derived from the demand for consumer products, I would assume that there is a desire for business to use this product as well (given that based on consumer research, this product is something that consumers would be interested in using in their homes). When all the testing and researching is completed, it still must be decided what to do with this product, and in order to do so, the options must be considered. First, using my research on consumer and business responses to this new product, I could sell the product. If I am a producer of food products, it would make sense to market the new packaging product as well as sell more of my own food products. For example, if I sell dairy products, I would market my food products as usual, but I would emphasize the fact that my company is using new and advanced packaging technology that will keep the consumer’s food fresher for longer. If I do not sell food products, one of my options is to license my new product to permit another company to use the new technology. If I choose to license the packaging technology, it would limit my involvement greatly. Of course, I would determine the advantages and disadvantages of this form of business and weigh them against my other options. Another option for my new product is to form a joint venture with another company (regardless of whether I sell food products). In this case, I have a very useful product that my company would be contributing to the venture, so I would have to choose carefully before determining that this is where I want my new product to go. There are so many potential uses for packaging technology, and surely there would be great potential from food producers to get their hands on this product. I think this would be my last choice in deciding what to do with this product, but I need to weigh my advantages and disadvantages and determine what the risks are in going into this form of business. Once I have determined what my options are, the risks and advantages of each must be compared. Using this information, in addition to my research gathered, it will be easier to decide what to do with this product. In order to develop successful new products, there are three activities that must be completed: first, to uncover unmet needs and problems, second, to develop a competitively advantaged product, and third, to shepherd products through the firm. The first step in this process has already been identified: the new packaging technology increases the shelf life of food products, and that is the â€Å"unmet need or problem.† Developing a competitively advantaged product is much more complex. This step of the process involves: (1) input from customers, (2) input from marketing about what competition is doing about the need, (3) manufacturing input about what is being done to satisfy the need, (4) engineering input about additional technology that is available, (5) R and D input about new ways of addressing the need, and (6) financial input regarding costs. I have already received customer input by performing the focus groups and consumer surveys, but I do need to complete every ot her step before I can move forward in deciding what to do with this technology. It is important to consult with every department so that I can once again identify my risks and my advantages in each step of this process, before I can decide what to do with my product. Once i have consulted with each department and decided how to market this product, the objectives for selling the product must be established. Research Papers on The Market Research Analyst's Approach to the Decision Making Process - Business Research PaperMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaResearch Process Part OneOpen Architechture a white paperThe Project Managment Office SystemMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesGenetic EngineeringDefinition of Export Quotas

Other Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Other - Essay Example a. Cash flow estimation: This step involves determining the annual net operating flows that are expected when a project becomes operational, the outlays of investment, and the cash outflows that will be associated with the project upon its termination. A lot of variables are involved in the determination of cash flow forecast and as such requires the participation of several individual and departments of an organization. To a greater number of health care organizations, this step would be the most complicated and demanding one as it is always difficult to determine the projections of costs and revenues of large and complex projects accurately. The other rationale for qualifying this stage as the most challenging to the organizations is that it usually hard to overstate the difficulty or importance of correctly determining the forecast for the project’s cash flows (Berger, 2008). Consequently, this stage requires proper analysis, not unless the firm’s costs may outweigh the revenues thus, likely to result into cannibalization. In effect, the firm may underestimate the true profitability of the project by not recognizing its strategic value which is the value of future opportunities of investment that the health care firm may undertake only if the current project is accepted. b. Conducting a replacement analysis: Replacement analysis deals with replacement decisions, which are made when considering a new asset that replaces and old asset. The analysis of the replacement cash flow is complex and so might turn a challenge to the health care organizations. When compared to the expansion decision, the health care organization may find that the replacement is more complex as it must consider all the cash flows from the existing asset. By the organization considering its operating flows, it shall find that the incremental flows are the cash flows expected from the replacement assets less

Create a Unit of instruction (UBD) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Create a Unit of instruction (UBD) - Assignment Example Therefore, the primary unit of this curriculum is intended to develop an organized approach in order to promote nutritional aspects along with different physical educational activities which ensure to develop children’s health. In order to precisely and most apparently highlight the major factors in terms of promoting nutritional and physical development of the children, the different areas of this report would be assessed in accordance with the guidelines of Understanding by Design (UbD) approach. The nutrition and physical activity curriculum incorporates the following stages: Significance of nutrition and physical activity and their role for developing children health Comprehensive health and physical education need as per the standards of NJCCCS (New Jersey Core Curriculum Content Standards) for promoting good health for the children Identify the desired results in terms of learner outcomes and goals Create â€Å"essential questions† that will focus upon the work co ncerning the key concepts, themes, issues and problems of the topic Design effective assessment plan in accordance with the promotion of good health for the children Design effective learning experience or course which can enable the child care settings (parental and institutional) to equip the students with skills, proficiency, knowledge as well as understanding. b. State the Appropriate NJCCCS it Addresses The New Jersey Core Curriculum Content Standards (NJCCCS) can be duly considered as one of the major frameworks for educating a child relating to the development which has been formed by the New Jersey State Board of Education during the year 1996. The NJCCCS framework tends to incorporate adequate guidelines and principles that apparently define the major learning process for the students to accomplish desired education or the learning outcome (State of New Jersey Department of Education, n.d.). The guiding principles underneath the NJCCCS address various aspects towards improv ing the curriculum in terms of developing child educational settings. Additionally, the principles of this framework also tend to incorporate adequate measures associated with promoting good health and wellbeing of each student within different educational institutions. In this regard, nutrition and physical activity is also a major consideration of the NJCCCS framework which highly focuses on improving the dietary and physical education for each child within any educational, healthcare and parental settings. Furthermore, the framework also ensures to streamline the practices concerning the wellness and good health of the students within the educational settings and confirms to develop physical, psychological as well as educational growth of each child (The State of New Jersey, n.d.). c. Identify the Desired Results in terms of the Learner Outcomes and Goals Identifying desired results can be regarded as one of the primary and initial stages of UbD approach ensuring to efficiently u nderstand the students regarding the significance of nutrition and physical activities. In this context, the identification of desired results in terms of learner outcomes and goals has been explained in the following discussion. Established Goals The essential factors concerning nutrition and physical education for the children will be focused in terms of clearly identifying the desired results of the unit. Therefore, in the major stage of designing the unit, certain realistic goals in accordance with the NJCCCS

Strategic growth of ethical fashion in the luxury market Case Study

Strategic growth of ethical fashion in the luxury market - Case Study Example Recently, since the year 2005, ethical issues such as child labour, sustainable fashion, green issues, fair trade etc have gradually started to catch the attention in the UK fashion industry, when many high street brands started to catch up with the fair trade trend. One of the biggest retailers in the high street, 'Topshop' has started to collaborate with 'People tree'; which is a pure ethical brand, and launched ethical fair trade range in the year 2007. During the same time, young UK fashion designers created a new range of clothing for an established, sustainable fashion label in a competition from the 'Make Your Mark in Fashion' campaign which aims to encourage an enterprise culture among the UK's youth in London. Also, during the same period of time 'Marks and Spencers' which is a ultimately potential retailer in the UK fashion industry, has started 'Plan A' which covers green issues, fair trade, organic material etc. Their slogan 'We do it, because you want us to do it and we think it is the right thing to do.' This indicates that the major factor which constrains their business is their end consumers. Finally the ethical boom trickled down to 'Primark' which is the low end high street brand. 'Primark' has been voted as the least ethical clothing retailer in the UK, according to a survey by 'The Times Newspaper' in 2007. Also they started to lose 42% of their customer once a UK the television show; 'Panorama rightly' exposed 'Primark' as using child labour to make their cheap clothing. Eventually, in 2 the year 2008, 'Primark' has launched a fair trade organic range which contains T-shirts and jeans. Moreover, many organizations related to the ethical issues were found and are showing a rapid growth every season. In recent times fashion industry focused on 'Green Issues' with increasing awareness of the environmental problems and retailers in search of fair trade cotton could see a significant increase in its availability and

International Business Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

International Business Environment - Essay Example This essay talks that the ability of organizations to succeed in the global business environment is related to a series of factors, including the resources available, the organizational objectives and the network of each firm’s strategic alliances, both locally and globally. At this point, the following problem has appeared: is the global business environment able to affect organizational performance? The performance of a Multinational Enterprise in the context of the global business environment is explored in this paper. Reference is made to Toyota and the challenges that the particular organization faces under the pressures by the global business environment. This report makes a conclusion that the success of Toyota in the global market cannot be doubted. However, the stabilization in the firm’s productivity, as reflected in the financial results of the organization presented in section 4 above, leads to the following assumption: for the last years, i.e. from 2010 onwards the firm has been unable to improve its performance, meaning that it has not been able in competing effectively. The conditions in the international business environment, as explained above using the PESTLE analysis are highly responsible for the specific outcome. In this condition, it can be stated that the power of the firm in the global automotive industry is threatened, since a decline in the firm’s profits is always possible to start. Therefore, the stabilization and the future growth of the firm is depended on the review and the update of its strategic priorities, according to the trends in the international business environment, as analyzed above.

Development Topic Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Development Topic Analysis - Essay Example In addition, Iraq is on record as the first oil producing country to nationalize part of its oil reserves in 1961. The Iraq National Oil Company has made significant contributions in the formulation of international oil policies and it is expected to contribute more if there will be political stability in Iraq (Alnasrawi 7). Iraq’s oil production is estimated to be over 2.1 million barrels per day (bpd). This production is roughly 2.5% of the total oil supplied around the world. Going back to the trend of Iraq’s oil production, statistics indicate that Iraq produced an estimate of 4 million bpd in 1979, which placed it third after Iran and Saudi Arabia. Before the Iraqis invasion of Kuwait, Iraq’s oil production averaged 3.5 million bpd. This production began to reduce in the 1990s after the Gulf war and after the introduction of international sanctions against Baghdad. By the time the US was invading Iraq in March of 2003, Iraq’s oil production averaged 2.6 million bpd (Alnasrawi 13). After the US invasion, production of oil in Iraq has declined remarkably to estimates of 1.5 million bpd in 2003, 2.00 million bpd in 2004, and in 2005, oil production was 1.8 million bpd. In 2006, oil production averaged 2.06 million bpd; this was below the government’s target of 2.5 million bpd. Despite the increased global oil prices, Iraq has managed to meet its budget estimates (Gordon 1-70). It is evident that Iraq’s oil market has suffered a lot in the last three decades. Experts point out that declines in Iraq’s oil production in the last five years is due to poor management on oil reservoirs. In addition, these declines are as a result of poor maintenance of pipelines, pumping stations, and other infrastructure. A situation of political instability in Iraq may be associated to problems facing Iraq’s oil market. Since 2003, there has been remarkably less development on potential oil reserves, which implies that there is the lack of new oil

Information based decision making Unit 5002 Essay

Information based decision making Unit 5002 - Essay Example Quality Business management is one of the most important business exceptionality of this century. It has added a thoroughly stranded manner to compact by means of imperfections in fabrication, focused attentiveness on clients, as well as painted participative organizational carry outs in business. In this research I will present the main ideas regarding effective decision making through the use of the organizational business information. This research is basically aimed to discuss the overall process and implementation of the business information regarding the effective decision making. The better decision in the organizational environment is very essential and its effectives provide the business better management and handling overall tasks. There have been efforts to reproduce its accomplishment in community services, run associations also information systems. Despite the fact that, business quality management has its main drawing out point in collection of the better and functional information for the better decision making and enhanced project management (Lillrank, 2003). A number of researches pointed out that deprived, defective, not on time or missing information is supposed as a the majority severe business quality crisis. It is emphasized that business information should not be handled the same as a plain by-product of a variety of actions on the other hand by means of the similar significance as products. Quality of information, though, appears to be a subtle theory (Salmela, 1997). Quality of the information is an expression to demonstrate the significance of the most important elements of the organizational information systems. It is frequently described as: â€Å"The potency for utilization of the business information present (Garvin, 1988)" Though this is working for the majority daily functions, experts frequently make use of additional complex models anticipated for business information quality. The greater part of

International Business Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

International Business Environment - Essay Example This essay talks that the ability of organizations to succeed in the global business environment is related to a series of factors, including the resources available, the organizational objectives and the network of each firm’s strategic alliances, both locally and globally. At this point, the following problem has appeared: is the global business environment able to affect organizational performance? The performance of a Multinational Enterprise in the context of the global business environment is explored in this paper. Reference is made to Toyota and the challenges that the particular organization faces under the pressures by the global business environment. This report makes a conclusion that the success of Toyota in the global market cannot be doubted. However, the stabilization in the firm’s productivity, as reflected in the financial results of the organization presented in section 4 above, leads to the following assumption: for the last years, i.e. from 2010 onwards the firm has been unable to improve its performance, meaning that it has not been able in competing effectively. The conditions in the international business environment, as explained above using the PESTLE analysis are highly responsible for the specific outcome. In this condition, it can be stated that the power of the firm in the global automotive industry is threatened, since a decline in the firm’s profits is always possible to start. Therefore, the stabilization and the future growth of the firm is depended on the review and the update of its strategic priorities, according to the trends in the international business environment, as analyzed above.

Information based decision making Unit 5002 Essay

Information based decision making Unit 5002 - Essay Example Quality Business management is one of the most important business exceptionality of this century. It has added a thoroughly stranded manner to compact by means of imperfections in fabrication, focused attentiveness on clients, as well as painted participative organizational carry outs in business. In this research I will present the main ideas regarding effective decision making through the use of the organizational business information. This research is basically aimed to discuss the overall process and implementation of the business information regarding the effective decision making. The better decision in the organizational environment is very essential and its effectives provide the business better management and handling overall tasks. There have been efforts to reproduce its accomplishment in community services, run associations also information systems. Despite the fact that, business quality management has its main drawing out point in collection of the better and functional information for the better decision making and enhanced project management (Lillrank, 2003). A number of researches pointed out that deprived, defective, not on time or missing information is supposed as a the majority severe business quality crisis. It is emphasized that business information should not be handled the same as a plain by-product of a variety of actions on the other hand by means of the similar significance as products. Quality of information, though, appears to be a subtle theory (Salmela, 1997). Quality of the information is an expression to demonstrate the significance of the most important elements of the organizational information systems. It is frequently described as: â€Å"The potency for utilization of the business information present (Garvin, 1988)" Though this is working for the majority daily functions, experts frequently make use of additional complex models anticipated for business information quality. The greater part of

Numerical Methods to solve equations Essay Example for Free

Numerical Methods to solve equations Essay The table above shows the numbers of iterations each method took in order to come to the same degree of accuracy. The Newton-Raphson method was the quickest, finding the root within a certain degree of accuracy in only three iterations. Second was the Decimal Search, which took five iterations and last was the Rearrangement Method, which took the most number of iterations, 6. Newton-Raphson method is clearly the fastest and the most efficient method to use as the number of iterations needed to find a root to a degree of accuracy is small. However, this method is very tiresome to calculate by hand and the tiniest mistake can result in a wrong answer. The Decimal Search takes more iteration; but, this method is the easiest and easily understood. However, this method is best done on a spreadsheet, where you would be able to spot the sign change easily. The Rearrangement Method takes slightly more iteration but it provides the root to any degree of accuracy. Also, the formula is iterative, therefore, it is not very time consuming. However, finding can be tricky. In terms of the software used, Decimal Search was the easiest as it only required spreadsheet which is not difficult to use. Although making the tables can be repetitive, any faults can easily be rectified. Both the Newton-Raphson Method and the Rearrangement Method used a calculator to work out the iterative steps. This was often very time-consuming and frustrating as simple mistakes could let to the wrong route. Autograph was used to draw all the graphs and show the methods at work. It was not hard to use but tricky, due to the different options available.

Effect of Fixtures on Deformation and Warpage

Effect of Fixtures on Deformation and Warpage

My Nursing Journey and My Personal Philosophy of Nursing Essay

Introduction My journey to nursing began with my personal healthcare experience, and has continued to evolve since entering the nursing program at State University. My personal philosophy of nursing is related my life experience and my personal philosophy of life. Using reflection-on-action, I have begun to understand the influences that have lead me to nursing. I discovered client and family centered care to be an important quality when I look at the influential nurses in my life. To develop a positive therapeutic nurse-client relationship, nurses must integrate all 5 dimensions of the therapeutic nurse-client relationship into their practice (CNO, 2006). When it comes to providing client-centered care, the dimensions of trust, empathy and respect are particularly important (CNO, 2006). Illness can be a traumatic experience for patients and their families, and it is important to be empathetic to the patient’s needs, while still trusting the patient to be an expert in their illness and car e. Client Centered Care Client centered care is what creates the foundation for the therapeutic nurse-client relationships. The Registered Nursing Association of Ontario (RNAO) recommends that nurses embrace the values of respect, human dignity, client as expert, and clients as leaders, to foster patient centered care (RNAO, 2002). A study done at Coventry University found that there were serious implications to care that was not family-center. Effective communication plays a large role in how the care is perceived by families and patients. It is extremely important for clients to receive constant and continual information from their healthcare professionals (Beckwitt, 2014). Relaying critical, sensitive information is difficult, but when t... ... Stories. Retrieved March 18, 2014 from http://stellabrunermethven.com/ Methven, M. (n.d.). Stella Joy. Thinking About Death. Retrieved March 18, 2014 from http://stellabrunermethven.com/ Miller, E. T. (2014). Why Passion Counts!. Rehabilitation Nursing, 39(2), 61. doi:10.1002/rnj.158 Registered Nurses Association of Ontario. (2002). Best Practice Guideline. Client Centered Cared. Retrieved March 18, 2014 from http://rnao.ca/bpg/guidelines/client-centred-care. Siviter, B. (2014). A culture where compassion is the expectation. Primary Health Care, 24(2), 16. Sullivan, P. (n.d.). Team Finn. Battles Are About How You Live. Retrieved March 18, 2014 from http://www.teamfinn.com/about-team-finn/battles-are-about-how-you-live/ Whitman, B., & Rose, W. (2003). Using art to express a personal philosophy of nursing. Nurse Educator, 28(4), 166-169.

My Philosophy of Education Essay -- Teaching Teachers Education Essays

My Philosophy of Education Becoming a teacher has always been one of my goals in life. What motivates me to become a teacher is that I love to help and teach children new things in life. I try to do this in a very unique way. I love to see kids happy. I think that being a teacher is a very rewarding job. Teachers should try to teach their students new things with a positive attitude, with enthusiasm and interest. Giving more attention to students of younger ages is especially important. It is a good feeling to see students become knowledgeable in all aspects and to prepare students to be successful for the good of society. I want to give myself the opportunity to become a teacher, and help students to grow academically and emotionally to become successful in society. That is why it is so important for me to become a teacher at the elementary school level. I think that if smaller children learn in a very positive and enthusiastic way, they will learn more easily and will be more open to different learning tasks in the classroom. I think that a teacher can also help all students to obtain very high self-esteem, growth and integrity. A teacher can become, in certain ways, like a parent and most importantly, a friend. All of this is done without forgetting the responsibility of a teacher. Teachers’ relationships with their students are very important, but it is my responsibility as a teacher to also create good relationships with other teachers, because this is important for the school and the society. Being enthusiastic and supportive of fellow teachers can show positive relationships among the different teachers in schools. By having a positive relationship with other teache... ...to meet the students’ parents, to ask for their help and to also celebrate the accomplishments of the student’s progress and teacher’s work. I believe that a teacher should look forward to having a good parent communication, and to collaborate and help other teachers by sharing knowledge and experiences. Today, many parents have been relying on the teacher’s responsibility. Parents expect a lot from the teachers. They want the teacher to teach their children about morality and life-skill principles, which are one of the first issues a child should learn from home. Even though being a teacher is not easy today, I believe I can be a good teacher by using my talents of determination, open-mindedness, and warm feelings for others. I believe becoming a teacher is a difficult career, but at the same time it will bring great rewards and accomplishments.

Movie Review of Secret (2007 Taiwanese Film) Essay

Casts: * Jay Chou as Ye Xianglun – A music student majoring in piano and lives with his father * Kwai Lun-mei as Lu Xiaoyu – A music student who lives with her mother * Anthony Wong Chau-sang as Xianglun’s father – Xianglun’s father and the discipline teacher at his school * Alice Tzeng as Qing Yi – Xianglun’s classmate who is in love with him * Yuhao Zhan as Yu Hao – A music student and talented piano player, nicknamed â€Å"Prince of the piano†, he had a â€Å"piano battle† with Xianglun Secret is an amazing movie to look at and to listen to. The film tells a â€Å"simple but very beautiful† love story which is tied between past and present. The story, the music, the talent – you’ll really be amazed and be in love with it when you see it yourself. You can’t imagine that it would be magical. It’s a unique story, unpredictable and interesting. What’s more interesting is there is more to it than what meets the eye. Careful attention must be paid to all scenes, or else the story won’t click and the end won’t be as good. Here’s the spoil. Ye Xianglun is a budding musical genius whose way with piano keys makes him a hit with the ladies, and even the guys, who recognize talent when they see it. Ye arrives at Tanjiang Art School and already he’s being watched, but his eyes and heart are immediately stolen by Lu Xiaoyu, an elegant, charming flirt who first happens upon Ye in the school’s aged piano r oom. The two begin a cute, casual romance that’s defined by secrets. Basically, Lu keeps them, starting with her name, then extending them to other things like where she goes, what she does, and why she’s always absent from class. Since she’s so effervescent and attractive, Ye is immediately smitten. Ye has a secret too, but I’ll give it away: his dad is a teacher at the school, and he’s played by Anthony Wong in an amusing performance that’s vintage Wong. Ye also has some friends at school who aren’t as amusing, and even qualify as annoying and bothersome. Some of these characters are played by Chou’s Taiwanese pop music pals. Since this is a Jay Chou (Ye Xianglun) production (besides starring and directing, he penned the original story and contributed the music), it’s only understandable that Chou make room for some of his buddies  as well as his pet obsessions, especially music. Ye becomes the class celebrity when he kicks ass in a â€Å"piano battle†, which is as entertaining as it i s patently manufactured. Basically, Ye outfoxes his opponent on the ivory keys, winning the hearts of the girls and the guys, while still remaining cool and sheepish in that inimitable Ye Xianglun way. Chief among his admirers is the pretty Qing Yi, who starts to crush on Ye big time. But Ye only has eyes for Lu. Or does he? Despite getting along swimmingly with Ye, Lu soon gets the idea that Ye is two-timing her with Qing. This is due to your standard crossed wires and mistaken circumstances, but the misinterpreted event is enough to throw a massive crush-killing wrench into their puppy love. That would probably be a terrible thing to behold if not for the fact that the relationship up until then was hardly inspiring. Ye Xianglun and Lu Xiaoyu have decent chemistry, but the relationship between their characters never seems that deep. There’s a manufactured quality to the dialogue that makes their supposed love a bit unconvincing, and without more acute emotions the film begins to drag. Sadly, part of this is the fault of Ye Xianglun, the actor. Ye possesses a certain likable charm, but his presence hardly screams â€Å"passion.† His demeanor is just too remote; Ye tr ies hard, but he can’t convey a complete range of emotions. Shoring things up, however, is Lu Xiaoyu. When she initially appears, she acts too much like an idealized good girl flirt to be real; it’s like she’s some manufactured idea of what perfect high school romance should be. However, as it turns out, there’s a reason for her bizarre flirtatious behavior, and as the film divulges more of the how’s and why’s, Lu is given a chance to convey emotions that prove heartbreaking. Her screen presence is refreshing and her emotion’s genuinely moving; if Secret manages to affect, Lu Xiaoyu is a large reason why. The revelation of the film’s eponymous secret is what gives Lu the chance to really affect the audience – and yet it’s also when the movie starts to lose its credibility. The mechanism behind the film’s secret is never known, but the logic of how it works is explained explicitly, such that every incident and action in the film needs to fit a set of rules explained by the characters and depicted by the events thems elves. But the film ultimately doesn’t adhere to its convictions, eventually twisting events to fit desired emotions and skirting around the rules that they’ve laid out for us. The film gives us a denouement, but it’s  only touching because it fits some sort of predetermined audience expectation, and not because it surprises or really affects. Some people may be happy with how Secret ends. But does the film earn its ending? I don’t think that it does. At least Secret is a very pretty ride. On artifice alone, the film is aces, serving up beautiful art direction, cinematography and music. Ye Xianglun (Jay Chou) really knows how to compose a tune; the film’s original music is genuinely stirring, and preexisting pieces are well-chosen and evocative of the film’s innocent romantic mood. Secret serves the senses exceptionally well – so much so, that it’s almost tragic when it ultimately throws logic out the window. Ye Xianglun and company have created a nice little valentine, but their desire to give the film more weight eventually leaves it adrift. The film barrels towards its intended goal with little regard for common sense, leaving the audience with nothing besides the pretty pictures and people to shore it up. Amazingly, that gambit is more successful than not, and Lu Xiaoyu (Kwai Lun-mei) practically drags the film across the finish line herself. Without her the film would probably sink beneath its own self-importance, as its manufactured sheen and occasionally miscalculated choices render the film little more than a superficially gorgeous pure love diversion for teen girls and the boys they drag to the cinema along with them. That’ll probably do just fine for most, since â€Å"manufactured diversion† seems to be a standard expectation for many modern moviegoers. Secret will probably score well with its intended teen audience, especially if they take in the film as a single, one-off experience. Further viewings would only reveal the film’s holes to be gaping and perhaps intolerable, but upon first glance, Secret is pretty and polished enough to charm. You should watch it too!

Graphic Organizers Essay

Graphic organizers are wonderful tools for learners of all abilities in all grades. They help students to visually and clearly organize their opinions and ideas. Students are enabled to see connections and relationships between information, facts and terms. For ELL students and struggling readers, this is particularly useful because it aids with language issues and challenges in comprehension these students struggle with. It visually provides them with a broad picture of this corpus of information they are trying to learn as opposed to words and language. Introducing and organizing instructional content can be done in a fun and simple way. I would begin with a simple fun math lesson that is on a more personal level. To introduce the lesson; the first step should describe to the students the lesson’s purpose (how to budget within your means), then explain its components (reason, solve problems, communicate, computation) and finally model its use (3 column chart) together with the class. This will ensure students comprehend the material they are learning. The 5th grade class would be instructed to divide into 3 groups of 6. Each group will be assigned a budget of $60.00. I would then hand out menus to each group from a popular fast food restaurant (Wendy’s). Students in each group will order any item off the menu for lunch but within their group budget. They will itemize their choices on their worksheet and include quantity and total amounts. Students will be aware that all deluxe meals come with french fries and a drink. Any state tax will not be configured for this lesson. Together we will input the information collected from each group onto the organizer. We will analyze, compare and discuss the decisions each group made with their selections and how well they managed their budget. The graphic organizer will also help them reflect individually as they see the information unfold from this valuable tool. It is important for students to learn the concept of managing money and to learn to live within their means.